^{February 2025 Abstracts}

A randomized controlled trial evaluating a novel oscillating-rotating electric toothbrush versus a sonic toothbrush for plaque and gingivitis

 

Ralf Adam, phd, Julie Grender, phd, Hans Timm, phd, Jimmy Qaqish, bsc  &  C. Ram Goyal, dds

 

Abstract: Purpose: To assess the relative efficacy of a new entry-tier oscillating-rotating (OR) electric toothbrush versus a sonic electric toothbrush over 4 weeks of use for plaque and gingivitis reduction. Methods: This single-center, examiner-blind, two-treatment, parallel-group, randomized clinical study enrolled adult participants who had evidence of gingivitis and plaque at baseline. Participants were randomly assigned to use either an entry-tier OR toothbrush (Oral-B iO2) with the Ultimate Clean brush head in Daily Clean mode or an advanced sonic toothbrush (usmile Marble-Art) used with the usmile Advanced Whitening brush head in Clean mode (and at the high-intensity level). Both groups brushed with a standard sodium fluoride dentifrice. Participants were assessed for gingivitis (Modified Gingival Index and the Gingival Bleeding Index) and plaque (Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index) at baseline and after 4 weeks of twice-daily use. Plaque was also assessed after a single use at baseline. Results: Both toothbrushes statistically significantly reduced gingivitis after 4 weeks of use and plaque after a single use and after 4 weeks (P< 0.001 for all). The OR toothbrush, relative to the sonic toothbrush, demonstrated a statistically significantly greater reduction in Modified Gingival Index score and number of bleeding sites (P< 0.001) and was associated with a significantly greater number of users transitioning from gingivitis to a state of gingival health (i.e., < 10% bleeding sites; P= 0.038) by the end of the study. The OR toothbrush likewise demonstrated greater efficacy with respect to plaque reduction after a single use (whole mouth, interproximal, and gingival margin; P< 0.001 for all) and after 4 weeks of use (whole mouth and interproximal; P< 0.001 for both). (Am J Dent 2025;38:3-8).

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Ralf Adam, Procter & Gamble German Innovation Center, Frankfurter Straße 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany. E-mail: adam.r@pg.com

 

Effect of remineralization product on the microhardness and surface roughness of enamel after bleaching agents

 

Dilan Kopuz, dds, Özlem Erçin, dds, Dilek Tağtekin, dds, phd  &  Funda Yanikoğlu, dds, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effect of toothpaste containing sodium fluoride, a commercially available remineralization product, on the microhardness and roughness of enamel after whitening with two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Methods: 32 premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were collected. Initial microhardness and roughness values were measured. All samples were immersed in a coffee solution for 1 week to simulate coloration in the oral environment and ensure standardization. Then, the second microhardness and roughness measurements were obtained. Two samples were separated, and the remaining ones were divided into three groups; Group 1: Samples treated with Whiteness HP (hydrogen peroxide) 35% bleaching agent; Group 2: Samples treated with Beka HP 30% bleaching agent; Group 3: Samples kept in distilled water. For Groups 1 and 2, the bleaching procedure was applied in three sessions of 15 minutes each, following the manufacturer's instructions. Afterward, measurements of all samples were repeated. To examine the reversibility of surface changes following the bleaching process, a demineralization-remineralization (pH) cycle was applied. Subsequently, microhardness and roughness measurements were repeated, and two samples from each group were set aside for FE-SEM Field emission scanning electron microscope analysis. A total of eight samples underwent FE-SEM analysis at ×1,000 and ×5,000 magnifications. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Initial microhardness values of all samples were the highest values, with a decrease observed after the bleaching procedure. Even though the microhardness of the samples increased in Groups 1 and 2 after the pH cycle, there was no significant difference (P< 0.05). While the roughness values of the samples decreased after the discoloration (P> 0.05), they increased after the pH cycle and there were significant differences between the 4th measurement and the other measurements (P< 0.05). (Am J Dent 2025;38:9-14).

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Dilan Kopuz, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: dilan.kopuz@kent.edu.tr

 

Bond strength evaluation of universal adhesives applied in etch-and-rinse mode on sound and irradiated dentin

 

Anh Duc Nguyen, dds, Sina Broscheit, dds, Dirk Vordermark, dr med, dmd, phd,  Kerstin Bitter, dr med Dent, dds, phd Reinhard Gerlach, dr rer nat  &  Christian Ralf Gernhardt, dr med dent, dds, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the laboratory microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of universal adhesives applied in etch-and-rinse mode on irradiated and sound human dentin. Methods: Dentin specimens of 135 freshly extracted human third molars were divided in three superordinate groups. Each tooth received either no irradiation (control group), 5 Gy (2 Gy/2 Gy/1 Gy in 3 consecutive days) or the high-level therapeutic dose of 60 Gy (test groups) applied fractionally (2 Gy/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks). Samples from each group were randomly divided into three subgroups assigned to three established universal adhesives (Futurabond U, AdheSE Universal, Xeno Select) in just the etch-and-rinse application mode (n= 15). Bond strength was assessed with a universal testing machine 15 minutes after application and light curing of the adhesive materials. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA (P< 0.01) and Tukey's test (P< 0.05). Results: Regarding all experimental groups ANOVA showed significant effects on µTBS of dentin irradiation and the used adhesives (P< 0.01, ANOVA). In nearly all groups, a decrease of µTBS was observed when used on highly irradiated dentin. However, comparing the different groups, no significant influence of high-level radiation on the microtensile bond strength of the three universal adhesives assessed in etch-and-rinse application mode could be determined (P> 0.05, Tukey's test). (Am J Dent 2025:38:15-21).

 

 

Mail: Prof. Dr. Christian Ralf Gernhardt, University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 16, 06112 Halle, Germany. E-mail: Christian.Gernhardt@uk-halle.de

 

 

Efficacy of calculus removal with hand and ultrasonic instruments on titanium surfaces

 

Maggie Elise Eslinger, bs,  Vrushali Abhyankar, bds, mds, ms,  Brian R. Morrow, bs, ms, Franklin Garcia-Godoy, dds, ms phd, phd  &  Pooja AjitSankardas, bds, mds, ms

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the impact of different instruments on dental implants on titanium discs and simultaneously test how effective they were in removing calculus. Methods: Artificial calculus was applied on 36 rectangular areas demarcated on titanium discs. Surface roughness was measured using a stylus profilometer. Calculus was then removed using six different hand or power-driven ultrasonic instruments. Surface roughness measurements D-Ra and D-Rz were then re-calculated. Cleaned distance was divided by total calculus to yield a cleaning ratio and the number of cleaning strokes required to remove the calculus was calculated. All measurements were statistically analyzed independently (two-way ANOVA, Holm-Sidak roughness and cleaning ratios Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks, and Student-Newman-Keuls, α< 0.05). Results: Ultrasonic magnetostrictive instruments were most efficient in calculus removal and demonstrated a statistically high cleaning ratio percentage (P< 0.001) and required the least number of strokes compared to all the other groups. The resin curettes were the least effective in calculus removal and required the greatest number of strokes. When surface roughness values (D-Ra) were compared between different instruments, statistically significant differences were noted between the resin curettes and ultrasonic magnetostrictive groups, with the resin curette group showing lower values and the Ultrasonic magnetostrictive group showing greater values. (Am J Dent 2025;38:22-26).

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Pooja AjitSankardas, Department of Periodontology, Room C530, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA. E-mail: pajitsan@uthsc.edu

 

Effect of brushing on the surface properties of modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

 

Semsettin Yildiz, dds, phd  &  Bahar Tekin, dds

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the surface roughness (SR) and surface topography (ST) of mechanical brushing with pure-unfilled PEEK (U-PEEK) and PEEK materials with different contents [titanium-containing PEEK (T-PEEK), ceramic-modified PEEK (C-PEEK) and glass fiber-reinforced PEEK (G-PEEK). Methods: A total of 40 disc-shaped samples (10 mm × 2 mm) were obtained (n= 10) from each group (U-PEEK, T-PEEK, C-PEEK, G-PEEK). After sanding and polishing, a profilometer was used to analyze all discs' surface roughness (Ra). Qualitative analysis (QA) was performed on random samples with the help of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Brushing was done with a custom-made brushing simulator, and the analyses were repeated. Statistical analysis was performed (P< 0.05). Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the PEEK groups before and after brushing (P< 0.05). In the measurements before and after brushing, the lowest measurement value was seen in the C-PEEK and T-PEEK groups. While there was no significant difference between T-PEEK and C-PEEK measurements, both measurements found the highest measurement value in the G-PEEK group. In addition, in all groups, the average roughness values after brushing were statistically significantly higher than those before brushing. All groups except G-PEEK are below the clinically acceptable SR value (0.2 µm) before and after brushing. T-PEEK and C-PEEK show better SR values. (Am J Dent 2025;38:27-32).

 

 

Mail: Dr. Bahar Tekin, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Firat University, Elazig, Postal Code: 23119, Turkey. E-mail: dtbahartekin@gmail.com

 

 

 

Bond strength of different resin-based cements to 3D-printed permanent restorations

 

Engin Kariper, phd  &  Aylin Cilingir, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the shear bond strength of different primers with adhesive cements to 3D printed restorations. Methods: 72 3D-printed restorations (Formlabs permanent crown resin) and nano-hybrid composite (Tetric EvoCeram) resin cylinders prepared and assigned to two groups, according to G-Multi Primer (GMP) with G-Cem One (GCO) and Clearfil ceramic primer plus (CCP) with Panavia F2.0 (PF) cements and three subgroups (n=9) were created for each cement: (1) control group, (2) 5,000 thermal cycles, (3) 10,000 thermal cycles. 3D-printed restorations were embedded in Teflon molds and cemented with nano-hybrid composite resin cylinders and a shear bond strength test was performed according to group. Failure modes were observed with stereomicroscope (30×), and surface morphology was evaluated with SEM analysis (100× and 2,000×). Statistical analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilks tests, and for evaluating the study data, 2-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey HSD test were used. Results: The GCO groups exhibited significantly higher SBS values than the PF groups in the bonding of the tested 3D-printed restorations. There was no statistically significant difference in the bond strengths of tested GCO cement groups. A control group of PF cement showed significantly higher SBS values than the 5,000 and 10,000 cycling of PF groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the 5,000 and 10,000 cycling PF groups. The bonding performance was superior for the GCO group. (Am J Dent 2025;38:39-45).

 

 

Mail: Dr. Aylin Cilingir, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Trakya University, Faculty of Dentistry. 22030 Edirne, Turkey. E-mail: aylincilingir@trakya.edu.tr.

 

 

Synthesis of amino acid-based carbon dots: Effect on oral cancer cells

 

So-Young Park, dds, phd,  Wooil Kim, phd,  Ae-Ri Pyo, ms,  Yong Hoon Kwon, phd &  Franklin Garcia-Godoy, dds, ms, phd, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To assess if amino acid-based carbon dots (CDs) eliminate in vitro cancer cells. Methods: CDs were synthesized using cysteine as a precursor and metal and photosensitizer as modifiers. In vitro cell viability tests were performed using cancer and normal cells without and with H₂O₂ and laser irradiation. Methylene blue (MB) solution was used to evaluate the production of ROS by CDs via observing absorbance differences before and after treatments. Extracellular oxygen production was measured in real-time using a probe. The generation of singlet oxygen was spectroscopically evaluated using RNO-ID assay. Results: Within the test conditions, CDs fn-Cei-Ce6 achieved significantly low in vitro cancer cell viability (near to 26% of initial cell count) at 20 ppm concentration, high absorbance difference (Δ) in all wavelengths, oxygen production approximately to 1.2 mg/L, and high absorbance decrease of RNO-ID assay solution all with 100 μM H₂O₂ and laser irradiation conditions. (Am J Dent 2025;38:46-50).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Franklin Garcia-Godoy, Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. E-mail: fgarciagodoy@gmail.com

 

Color improvement and surface integrity: Charcoal-based oral care products on stained resin composite

 

Pinar Naiboğlu, dds  &  Zeynep Pinar Keleş Yücel, dds, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To determine the effect of charcoal-based toothpaste used alone or in combination with charcoal-based mouthwash on color change (ΔE₀₀) and surface roughness (Ra) of a stained resin composite. Methods: Disc-shaped (8 × 2 mm) resin composite samples (Filtek Z250) were prepared. Then, the samples were immersed in coffee for 12 days. The samples were randomly assigned into four groups (n= 12). Distilled water (DW), Colgate Total 12 (CT), Colgate Optic White (COW), and Colgate Optic White + Colgate Plax White Charcoal (COW + CPWC) were used over a 3-month period. Color measurements were performed at baseline, after staining, after 1 and 3 months use. Ra analysis and surface topography by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were evaluated after staining, after 1- and 3 months use. Results: Color changes occurring on resin composite samples immersed in coffee for 12 days exceeded the 50:50% acceptability threshold (AT) (ΔE₀₀:1.8). CT, COW, and COW + CPWC reduced the color change on composite samples below to the AT after 3 months of use. CT and COW + CPWC showed a significant increase in Ra after both time intervals and caused changes in surface morphology of resin composite. The present findings suggest that charcoal-based toothpaste used alone may be effective in improving the color of resin composite without inducing surface damage. Moreover, when used with charcoal-based mouthwash, the similar effect in color improvement may be accompanied by increased surface roughness. (Am J Dent 2025;38:51-56).

 

 

Mail: Dr. Pinar Naiboğlu, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey. E-mail: pinar.naiboglu@hotmail.com

 

^{_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________}

                                                                                                                                Review Article

^{_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________}

Effect of bisphosphonates on periodontal diseases in menopausal and postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Linlin Qin, ms,  Xinyue Wu, ms,  Kunshuang Wu, ms,  Hanyue Mai, bs  &  Ping Wang, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To systematically evaluate the effect of bisphosphonates on periodontal diseases in menopausal and postmenopausal women. Methods: Databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library databases, Chinese Scientific and Technological Journal database, Wan Fang Data, China Biomedical Literature Database, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched from inception to July 2024, languages are Chinese and English. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the effect of bisphosphonates in menopausal and postmenopausal women with periodontitis were included. The risk of bias was performed using the Cochrane collaboration tool. The primary outcome was clinical attachment loss (CAL), and the secondary outcomes were probing depth (PD) and gingival index (GI). The analysis of the data was performed using Rev Man 5.3 and Stata 16.0. Results: The meta-analysis incorporated four studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In evaluating the efficacy of bisphosphonates against control treatments, there was high heterogeneity observed in CAL (P = 0.0002; I² = 85%) and PD (P< 0.00001; I² = 93%) within the study groups. Meta-analysis showed a significant improvement in CAL gain (MD = - 0.57 mm; 95% CI = -1.04 to -0.11 mm; P< 0.05), PD reduction (MD = - 0.50 mm; 95% CI = -0.96 to -0.05 mm; P< 0.05), and GI reduction (MD = -1.11; 95% CI = -1.22 to -1.01; P< 0.00001) for bisphosphonate treatment vs. bisphosphonate-naïve therapy. (Am J Dent 2025;38:33-38).

 

 

 

Mail: Dr. Ping Wang, Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.  E-mail: cqykdxwp@126.com